Method of preparing main group boryl compounds

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method of preparing main group boryl compounds by reacting main group hydrides with hydroborating reagents in the presence of a transition metal catalyst.

This application claims the benefit under 35 USC §119(e) from U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/655,427, filed Feb. 24, 2005.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to an improved method for the preparation of boryl compounds, particularly the preparation of main group boryl compounds, from main group hydrides and hydroborating reagents.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

Main group boryl compounds have found many industrial applications, for example in the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries, as well as in specialty and solid state chemical fields. Main group boryl compounds are also remarkably useful synthetic intermediates.

Compounds containing boronic acids (RB(OH)₂) or boronate esters (RB(OR′)₂) have received considerable attention in catalysed carbon-carbon bond formation reactions [(a) N. Miyaura and A. Suzuki, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2457. (b) B. M. Trost and M. D. Spagnol, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans 1 1995, 2083. (c) D. M. T. Chan, K. L. Monaco, R. P. Wang and M. P. Winters, Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 2933. (d) F. Berrée, P. Girard-Le Bleis and B. Carboni, Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 4935. (e) S. Sakuma and N. Miyaura, J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 8944.], solid-phase synthesis (B. Carboni, C. Pourbaix, F. Carreaux, H. Deleuze and B. Maillard, Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 7979.), macrocyclic chemistry (N. Farfan, H. Hopfl, V. Barba, M. E. Ochoa, R. Santillan, E. Gomez and A. Gutierrez, J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 581, 70.), organometallic and organic synthesis [(a) F. Minutolo and J. A. Katzenellenbogen, Organometallics 1999, 18, 2519. (b) D. S. Matteson, Tetrahedreon 1989, 45, 1859. (c) J. Tailor and D. G. Hall, Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3715. (d) N. A. Petasis and I. A. Zavialov, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11798. (e) R. A. Batey, D. B. MacKay and V. Santhakumar, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 5075.] and as glucose sensors for diabetes therapy [(a) M. Yamamoto, M. Takeuchi and S. Shinkai, Tetrahdedron, 1998, 54, 3125. (b) H. Eggert, J. Frederiksen, C. Morin and J. Chr. Norrild, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 3846. (c) S. Arimori, C. J. Ward and T. D. James, Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 303. (d) W. Wang, X. Gao and B. Wang, Curr. Org. Chem. 2002, 6, 1285.]. Over the years, interest in compounds containing boronic acids or boronate esters have also arisen because of the potent biological activities of these compounds [(a) T. D. James, P. Linnane and S. Shinkai, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1996, 281. (b) W. Yang, X. Gao and B. Wang, Med. Res. Rev. 2003, 23, 346. (c) C. Morin, Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 12521. (d) V. S. Stoll, B. T. Eger, R. C. Hynes, V. Martichonok, J. B. Jones and E. F. Pai, Biochemistry 1998, 37, 451. (e) S. J. Coutts, T. A. Kelly, R. J. Snow, C. A. Kennedy, R. W. Barton, J. Adams, D. A. Krolikowski, D. M. Freeman, S. J. Campbell, J. F. Ksiazek and W. W. Bachovchin, J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 2087. (f) E. S. Priestley and C. P. Decicco, Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3095. (g) E. Skordalakes, R. Tyrell, S. Elgendy, C. A. Goodwin, D. Green, G. Dodson, M. F. Scully, J. M. H. Freyssinet, V. V. Kakkar and J. J. Deadman, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 9935. (h) M. L. Stolowitz, C. Ahlem, K. A. Hughes, R. J. Kaiser, E. A. Kesicki, G. Li, K. P. Lund, S. M. Torkelson and J. P. Wiley, Bioconjugate Chem. 2001, 12, 229. (i) S. Jagannathan, T. P. Forsyth and C. A. Kettner, J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 6375. (j) R. C. Gardner, S. J. Assinder, G. Christie, G. G. F. Mason, R. Markwell, H. Wadsworth, M. Mclaughlin, R. King, M. C. Chabot-Fletcher, J. J. Breton, D. Allsop and A. J. Rivett, Biochem. J. 2000, 346, 447. (k) S. Collet, F. Carreaux, J. L. Boucher, S. Pethe, M. Lepoivre, R. Danion-Bougot and D. Danion, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 2000, 177. (l) P. Mantri, D. E. Duffy and C. A. Kettner, J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 5690. (m) J. Lin and B. R. Shaw, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1517. (n) B. K. Shull, D. E. Spielvogel, R. Gopalaswamy, S. Sankar, P. D. Boyle, G. Head and K. Devito, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 2000, 557. (o) I. Pergament and M. Srebnik, Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 3895. (p) P. R. Westmark and B. D. Smith, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 9343.].

As an example, α-aminoboronic acids having the general formula of:

are effective and reversible inhibitors of serine proteases—a diverse group of proteoloytic enzymes whose numerous physiological functions include digestion, growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Since proteases have also been found to be vital in the generation of most disease processes, much effort has been focused on the synthesis of α-aminoboronic acids for possible applications as enzyme inhibitors.

Amino acid analogs containing boronic acids have been investigated for their use in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for the treatment of cancer [(a) L. Weissfloch, M. Wagner, T. Probst, R. Senekowitsch-Schmidtke, K. Tempel and M. Molls, Biometals 2001, 14, 43. (b) J. Thomas and M. F. Hawthorne, Chem. Commun. 2001, 1884. (c) I. B. Sivaev, A. B. Bruskin, V. V. Nesterov, M. Y. Antipin, V. I. Bregadze and S. Sjöberg, Inorg. Chem. 1999, 38, 5887. (d) E. B. Kullberg, N. Bergstrand, J. Carlsson, K. Edwards, M. Johnsson, S. Sjöberg and L. Gedda, Bioconjugate Chem. 2002, 13, 737. (e) R. R. Srivastava and G. W. Kabalka, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 8730. (f) G. W. Kabalka, B. C. Das and S. Das, Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 7145. (g) X. Q. Pan, H. Wang, S. Shukla, M. Sekido, D. M. Adams, W. Tjarks, R. F. Barth and R. L. Lee, Bioconjugate Chem. 2002, 13, 435. (h) J. Cai, A. H. Soloway, R. F. Barth, D. M. Adams, J. R. Hariharan, I. M. Wyzlic and K. Radcliffe, J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 3887. (i) J. C. Zhuo, J. Cai, A. H. Soloway, R. F. Barth, D. M. Adams, W. Ji and W. Tjarks, J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 1282. (j) A. H. Soloway, W. Tjarks, B. A. Barnum, F. G. Rong, R. F. Barth, I. M. Codogni and J. G. Wilson, Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1515.] BNCT is a bimodal form of therapy which depends on selectively depositing boron-10 atoms into the cancerous tumour prior to irradiation by slow (thermal) neutrons.

An example of an amino acid analog containing boronic acid is 4-dihydroxyborylphenylalanine (BPA):

which is a simple second generation BNCT compound, potentially useful in the treatment of brain tumours (A. H. Soloway, W. Tjarks, B. A. Barnum, F. G. Rong, R. F. Barth, I. M. Codogni and J. G. Wilson, Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1515.).

Furthermore, recent work has found that certain boron compounds also show considerable antifungal (C. M. Vogels, L. G. Nilolcheva, H. A. Spinney, D. W. Norman, M. O. Baerlocher, F. J. Baerlocher and S. A. Westcott, Can. J. Chem. 2001, 79, 1115) and antibacterial activity (S. Gronowitz, T. Dalgren, J. Namtvedt, C. Roos, B. Sjöberg and U. Forsgren, Acta Pharm. Suecica, 1971, 8, 377). Indeed, the compound 2-formylphenylboronic acid:

is a strong fungicidal agent against both Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus.

Silylboryl compounds of the general formula [R₃SiB(XR′)₂] have also been of special interest because of their properties [(a) M. Suginome and Y. Ito, J. Organomet Chem. 2003, 680, 43. (b) J. C. A. Da Silva, M. Birot, J. P. Pillot and M. Pétraud, J. Organomet. Chem. 2002, 646, 179. (c) T. Kajiwara, N. Takeda, T. Sasamori and N. Tokitoh, Organometallics, 2004, 23, 4723.] A comprehensive review on the chemistry of silylboranes has recently been published (M. Suginome and Y. Ito, J. Organomet. Chem. 2003, 680, 43). However, despite many of the interesting properties and applications associated with silylboranes, their chemistry has not yet been fully explored, mainly due to the limited synthetic methods for the preparation of these remarkable compounds.

Traditional routes to organoborate esters are based on the alkylation of trialkylborates with organomagnesium or organolithium reagents (A. Pelter, K. Smith and H. C. Brown, Borane Reagents, Academic Press, London, 1998). However, these reactions usually suffer from low yields. Further, the reactions are often complicated by the formation of a mixture of either magnesium or lithium salts.

The uncatalyzed addition of hydroboranes to unsaturated hydrocarbons presents another route to organoborate esters. However, this reaction suffers from selectivity problems.

New methodologies to solve the difficulties associated with making these valuable boryl compounds will no doubt have a tremendous impact in organic synthesis and in the chemical industry. New methodologies may also provide a new class of organoboronate compounds that cannot be obtained using conventional protocols. For example, the recent report that transition metals can catalyze the borylation of alkanes and arenes via C—H bond activation has already had a tremendous impact in organic synthesis (T. Ishiyama and N. Miyaura, J. Organomet. Chem. 2003, 680, 3).

Thus, there remains a continued need for an efficient synthesis of main group boryl compounds that requires mild reaction conditions and provides good yields.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A new method for the preparation of main group boryl compounds under mild reaction conditions has been developed. Accordingly, the present invention relates a method of preparing main group boryl compounds of formula I by reacting of a compound of formula II with a compound of formula III in the presence of a transition metal catalyst:

wherein

-   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₂₀alkyl, aryl,     heterocyclyl and C₃₋₂₀cycloalkyl, all of which may be optionally     substituted; -   E is a main group element selected from the group consisting of an     element from Group 14, Group 15 and Group 16 of the periodic table; -   n is 1 when E is a main group element from Group 16 of the periodic     table; -   n is 2 when E is a main group element from Group 15 of the periodic     table; -   n is 3 when E is a main group element from Group 14 of the periodic     table; -   R² and R^(2′) are each independently selected from the group     consisting of C₁₋₂₀alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and C₃₋₂₀cycloalkyl,     all of which may be optionally substituted, or R² and R^(2′) are     linked to form an optionally substituted monocyclic or polycyclic     ring system having 4 to 20 atoms, including the B, X and X′ atoms; -   X and X′ are each independently selected from the group consisting     of O, S and NR³; and -   R³ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl and     C₃₋₂₀cycloalkyl.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will now be described in relation to the drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is the IUPAC Period Table of the Elements as published on Nov. 1, 1994, and

FIG. 2 is the crystal structure of compound (4-methylphenylthio)pinacolborane as determined by x-ray diffraction.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method of preparing a main group boryl compounds of formula I by reacting of a compound of formula II with a compound of formula III in the presence of a transition metal catalyst:

wherein

-   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₂₀alkyl, aryl,     heterocyclyl and C₃₋₂₀cycloalkyl, all of which may be optionally     substituted; -   E is a main group element selected from the group consisting of an     element from Group 14, Group 15 and Group 16 of the periodic table; -   n is 1 when E is a main group element from Group 16 of the periodic     table; -   n is 2 when E is a main group element from Group 15 of the periodic     table; -   n is 3 when E is a main group element from Group 14 of the periodic     table; -   R² and R^(2′) are each independently selected from the group     consisting of C₁₋₂₀alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and C₃₋₂₀cycloalkyl,     all of which may be optionally substituted, or R² and R^(2′) are     linked to form an optionally substituted monocyclic or polycyclic     ring system having 4 to 20 atoms, including the B, X and X′ atoms; -   X and X′ are each independently selected from the group consisting     of O, S and NR³; and -   R³ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl and     C₃₋₂₀cycloalkyl.

Terms and Definitions

As used herein, the terms “Group 14”, “Group 15” and “Group 16” refer to the Periodic Table of the elements group labeling used by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The most current version of the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements is presented for reference in FIG. 1.

The term “main group” as used herein refers to the elements appearing the periods 14, 15 and 16 of the the IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements (FIG. 1).

The term “C_(1-n)alkyl” as used herein means straight and/or branched chain alkyl radicals containing from one to “n” carbon atoms and includes (when n=20) methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl-, n-tridecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-pentadecyl, n-hexadecyl, n-heptadecyl, n-octadecyl, n-nonadecyl, n-icosyl and branched analogs thereof, and the like.

The term “optionally substituted C_(1-n)alkyl” as used herein means that the alkyl radical is either unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three, or in the case of alkyl groups of two carbons or more, four or five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄alkyl, OC₁₋₄alkyl, CF₃, OCF₃, halo, SC₁₋₄alkyl, NHC₁₋₄alkyl and N(C₁₋₄alkyl)(C₁₋₄alkyl).

The term “C_(3-n)cycloalkyl” as used herein means a saturated carbocylic ring or ring system containing from 3 to “n” carbon atoms and having a single ring (e.g. cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl) or multiple condensed (fused) rings (e.g. decahydronaphthalene and adamantanyl).

The term “optionally substituted C_(3-n)cycloalkyl” as used herein means that the C_(3-n)cycloalkyl radical is either unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three, four or five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄alkyl, OC₁₋₄alkyl, CF₃, OCF₃, halo, SC₁₋₄alkyl, NHC₁₋₄alkyl and N(C₁₋₄alkyl)(C₁₋₄alkyl).

The term “halo” as used herein means halogen and includes chloro, bromo, iodo and fluoro.

The term “aryl” as used herein means a monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic ring system containing one or two aromatic rings and from 6 to 14 carbon atoms and includes phenyl, naphthyl, anthraceneyl, 1,2-dihydronaphthyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, fluorenyl, indanyl, indenyl and the like.

The term “optionally substituted aryl” as used herein means that the aryl radical is either unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three, four or five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄alkyl, OC₁₋₄alkyl, CF₃, OCF₃, halo, SC₁₋₄alkyl, NHC₁₋₄alkyl and N(C₁₋₄alkyl)(C₁₋₄alkyl).

The term “Ph” as used herein means phenyl.

The term “heterocyclyl” or “heterocycle” as used interchangeably herein means a 5- or 6-membered ring, unless otherwise specified, containing one, two, three, or four heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The 5-membered ring has zero or two double bonds and the 6-membered ring has zero or three double bonds. The term “heterocyclyl” or “heterocycle” also includes bicyclic groups in which any of the above heterocyclic rings is fused to one or two rings independently selected from the group consisting of an aryl ring, a cyclohexane ring, a cyclopentane ring, and another monocyclic heterocyclic ring and includes indolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, tetrahydroquinolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl and the like. Heterocyclics include pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyridyl, piperidinyl, pyrazinyl, piperazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolyl, isoxazolidiniyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolidinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, furyl, thienyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isoindazoyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, uricyl, thiadiazolyl, pyrimidyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, dihydroinidolyl, tetrahydroquinolyl, tetrahydroisoquinolyl, pyranyl, dithiazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl and the like. Heterocyclic groups also include compounds of the formula

where F′ is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂—, —CH₂O— and —O—, and G′ is selected from the group consisting of —C(O)— and —(C(R′)(R″))_(v)—, where each of R′ and R″ is, independently, selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or C₁₋₄alkyl, and v is one, two or three and includes groups such as 1,3-benzodioxolyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl and the like.

The term “optionally substituted heterocyclyl” or “optionally substituted heterocycle” as used interchangeably herein means a heterocyclyl radical or heterocycle that is either unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three, four or five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄alkyl, OC₁₋₄alkyl, CF₃, OCF₃, halo, SC₁₋₄alkyl, NHC₁₋₄alkyl and N(C₁₋₄alkyl)(C₁₋₄alkyl).

When R² and R^(2′) are linked together to form one or more rings, said rings may contain five or more carbon atoms, suitably five to twenty carbon atoms, having a single ring structure or multiple condensed (fused) ring structure. Further, in the rings, one or more, suitably one or two, more suitably one, of the carbon atoms may be substituted with a heteroatom selected from O, S, N, P and Si, which, where possible, is optionally substituted with H or C₁₋₄alkyl. Still further, the rings may be unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three, four or five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄alkyl, OC₁₋₄alkyl, CF₃, OCF₃, halo, SC₁₋₄alkyl, NHC₁₋₄alkyl and N(C₁₋₄alkyl)(C₁₋₄alkyl).

It is understood that substituents and substitution patterns on the compounds of Formula I, II or III can be selected by one of ordinary skill in the art to provide compounds that are chemically stable and that can be readily synthesized by techniques known in the art from readily available starting materials. If a substituent is itself substituted with more than one group, it is understood that these multiple groups may be on the same carbon or on different carbons, so long as a stable structure results. The phrase “optionally substituted” should be taken to be equivalent to the phrase “optionally substituted with at least one substituent” and in such cases a specific embodiment will have from zero to four substituents.

In the method of preparing the main group boryl compounds of the formula I of the present invention, E in formulae I and II is a main group element selected from the group consisting of an element from Group 14, Group 15 and Group 16 of the periodic table and n is 1 when E is a main group element from Group 16 of the periodic table, n is 2 when E is a main group element from Group 15 of the periodic table and n is 3 when E is a main group element from Group 14 of the periodic table. In embodiments of the invention E is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, Te, P, As, Sb, Si, Ge and Sn. In still further embodiments of the invention E is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, Si, Ge and Sn.

According to the present invention, R¹ in the compounds of the formulae I and II is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₂₀alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and C₃₋₂₀cycloalkyl, all of which may be optionally substituted. In embodiments of the invention, R¹ in the compounds of the formulae I and II is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₀alkyl or optionally substituted aryl. More particularly, R¹ in the compounds of the formulae I and II is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl or optionally substituted phenyl. Still more specifically, R¹ in the compounds of the formulae I and II is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, n-butyl, phenyl and methylphenyl. Even more specifically, R¹ in the compounds of the formulae I and II is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, phenyl and 4-methylphenyl

When R¹ in the compounds of the formulae I and II is substituted, the substituents are independently selected from one or more, suitably one to four, more suitably one or two, even more suitably one, of C₁₋₄alkyl, OC₁₋₄alkyl, CF₃, OCF₃, halo, SC₁₋₄alkyl, NHC₁₋₄alkyl and N(C₁₋₄alkyl)(C₁₋₄alkyl). In embodiments of the invention, the substituents on R¹ are selected from one or more, suitably one to four, more suitably one or two, even more suitably one, of CH₃, OCH₃, CF₃, OCF₃, Cl, F, Br,, SCH₃, NHCH₃ and N(CH₃)₂. In further embodiments of the invention, the substituents on R¹ are selected from one or more, suitably one to four, more suitably one or two, even more suitably one, of CH₃ and F.

The invention also includes compounds of the formulae I and III where R² and R^(2′) are each independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₂₀alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and C₃₋₂₀cycloalkyl, all of which may be optionally substituted, or R² and R^(2′) are linked to form an optionally substituted monocyclic or polycyclic ring system having 4 to 20 atoms, including the B, X and X′ atoms. In embodiments of the invention, R² and R^(2′) in the compounds of formulae I and III are each independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, all of which may be optionally substituted, or R² and R^(2′) are linked to form an optionally substituted monocyclic or polycyclic ring system having 4 to 9 atoms, including the B, X and X′ atoms to which R² and R^(2′) are bonded. In further embodiments of the invention, R² and R^(2′) in the compounds of formulae I and III are each independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl, phenyl, and C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or R² and R^(2′) are linked to form an optionally substituted monocyclic or polycyclic ring system having 4 to 9 atoms, including the B, X and X′ atoms. In still further embodiments of the invention R² and R^(2′) in the compounds of formulae I and III are linked to form an optionally substituted monocyclic or polycyclic ring system having 5 to 9 atoms, including the B, X and X′ atoms. In even further embodiments of the invention R² and R^(2′) in the compounds of formulae I and III are linked to form an optionally substituted 5-membered monocylic ring or an optionally substituted 5-membered monocylic ring fused to a phenyl ring. In embodiments of the invention, the optional substituents on R² and R^(2′) are one or more C₁₋₄alkyl groups, suitably 1, 2, 3 or 4 C₁₋₄alkyl groups, more suitably 1, 2, 3 or 4 methyl groups. In further embodiments of the invention R² and R^(2,) including the B, X and X′ atoms and optional substituents combine to form a catecholboryl or pinacolboryl group.

In the monocyclic or polycyclic ring system formed by R² and R^(2′) in the compounds of formulae I and III, the system may include one or more, suitably one or two, more suitably one, heteroatoms (aside from B, X and X′) selected from O, S, N, P and Si, which, where possible, are optionally substituted with H or C₁₋₄alkyl, suitably H or CH₃. In embodiments of the invention, the monocyclic or polycyclic ring system formed by R² and R^(2′) in the compounds of formulae I and III may include one or more, suitably one or two, more suitably one, heteroatoms (aside from B, X and X′) selected from O, S, and N, which, where possible, are optionally substituted with H or C₁₋₄alkyl, suitably H or CH₃. In still further embodiments of the invention the monocyclic or polycyclic ring system formed by R² and R^(2′) in the compounds of formulae I and III includes no heteroatoms aside from B, X and X′.

According to the present invention, X and X′ in the compounds of the formulae I and III are each independently selected from the group consisting of O, S and NR³, wherein R³ is H, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl or C₃₋₂₀cycloalkyl. In embodiments X and X′ in the compounds of the formulae I and III are each independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, NCH₃ and N—Ph. In still further embodiments of the invention X and X′ in the compounds of the formulae I and III are each O.

In the method of the present invention, the transition metal catalyst includes transition metal salts and complexes of transition metal salts thereof, which may be, for example, PdCl₂, PdBr₂, Pdl₂, Na₂PdCl₄, PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂, Pd(PPh₄)₃, RhCl(PPh₃)₃, Rh(acac)(P2), wherein acac is acetylacetonato and P2 represents two monodentate phosphine ligands or one bidentate phosphine ligand, Rh(acac)(L2), wherein acac is acetylacetonato and L represents a bidentate or two monodentate Lewis basic ligands. The Lewis basic ligands may be selected from, for example, imines, amines, pyridines and carbenes. In specific embodiments of the invention, the transition metal catalyst is selected from PdCl₂, PdBr₂, Pdl₂, Na₂PdCl₄, PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂, Pd(PPh₄)₃, RhCl(PPh₃)₃, Rh(acac)(P2), wherein acac is acetylacetonato and P2 represents two monodentate phosphine ligands or one bidentate phosphine ligand.

In embodiments of the invention, the process is performed in an inert organic solvent. More particularly, the organic solvent is selected from toluene, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, benzene, methylene chloride. Still more particularly, the organic solvent is toluene.

In embodiments of the invention, the main group hydride of the formula II is selected from the group consisting of 4-methylbenzenethiol, benzeneselenol, triphenylsilane, triphenyltin hydride, tributyltin hydride, and triphenylgermanium hydride.

Still further, in embodiments of the invention, the hydroborating reagent of the formula III is selected from the group consisting of pinacolborane and catecholborane.

Compounds of Formulae II and III and the transition metal catalysts are either commercially available or may be prepared using procedures well known in the art. For example, main group hydrides may be prepared as described in Inorg. Syntheses, Ed. M. Y. Darensbourg, John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd., Toronto, vol. 32, 1998), catecholborane may be prepared as described in C. F. Lane and G. W. Kabalka, Tetrahedron 1976, 32, 981 and A. Pelter, K. Smith and H. C. Brown, Borane Reagents; Academic Press, New York, 1988) and pinacolborane may be prepared as described in S. Pereira and M. Srebnik, Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 3283 and C. E. Tucker, J. Davidson and P. Knochel, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 3482.

EXAMPLES

The following non-limiting examples are illustrative of the present invention.

Materials and Instrumentations: Reagents and solvents used were purchased from Aldrich Chemicals. The transition metal catalysts used were PdCl₂, PdBr₂, Pdl₂, Na₂PdCl_(4,) PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂, Pd(PPh₄)₃, RhCl(PPh₃)₃ and Rh(acac)(P2), in which acac is acetylacetonato and P2 represents two monodentate phosphine ligands or one bidentate phosphine ligand. NMR spectra were recorded on a JEOL JNM-GSX270 FT spectrometer. ¹H NMR chemical shifts are reported in ppm and referenced to residual solvent protons in deuterated solvent at 270 MHz. ¹¹B NMR chemical shifts are reported in ppm and are referenced to BF₃.OEt₂ as an external standard at 87 MHz. ¹³C NMR chemical shifts are referenced to solvent carbon resonances as internal standards at 68 MHz and are reported in ppm. Mutiplicities are reported as singlet (s), doublet (d), multiplet (m), and overlapping (ov). All experiments were conducted under an atmosphere of dinitrogen in a MBraun UNIlab glovebox.

Example 1 Synthesis of (4-methylphenylthio)pinacolborane

To a toluene solution of 4-methylbenzenethiol and 1 mol % of catalyst, 1 equivalent of pinacolborane was added. After 18 hours, the solvent was removed under vacuum and the product was recrystallized from diethylether at −30° C. Spectroscopic NMR data (C₆D₆): ¹H δ:7.57 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H, Ar), 6.83 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H, Ar), 1.94 (s, 3H, CH₃), 0.97 (s, 12H, O₂C₂(CH₃)₄); ¹¹B{¹H} δ:32.4; ¹³C{¹H} δ:136.5, 133.6, 129.6, 126.5, 84.8, 24.2. 20.6.

The crystal structure of the final compound was determined by x-ray diffraction, and is shown in FIG. 2. Single crystals suitable for x-ray diffraction studies were grown from a hexane solution at −5° C. Single crystals were coated with Paratone-N oil, mounted using a glass fibre and frozen in the cold stream of the goniometer. A hemisphere of data were collected on a Bruker AXS P4/SMART 1000 diffractometer with a scan width of 0.3 degrees and 10 seconds exposure times. The detector distances was 6 cm. The data were reduced [as described in SAINT 6.02, Bruker AXS, Inc., Madison, Wis., USA. (1997-1999)] and corrected for absorption [as described by G. M. Sheldrick, SADABS, Bruker AXS, Inc., Madison, Wis., USA. (1999)]. The structures were solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least squares on F2 [as described by G. M. Sheldrick, SHELXTL 5.1, Bruker AXS, Inc., Madison, Wis., USA. (1997)]. All non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. Hydrogen atoms were located in Fourier difference maps and refined isotropically.

Example 2 Synthesis of (phenylselenyl)pinacolborane

To a toluene solution of benzeneselenol and 1 mol % of catalyst, 1 equivalent of pinacolborane was added. After 18 hours, the solvent was removed under vacuum and the product was recrystallized from diethylether at −30° C. Spectroscopic NMR data (C₆D₆): ¹H δ:7.74 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H, Ar), 6.98-6.93 (ov m, 3H, Ar), 0.96 (s, 12H, O₂C₂(CH₃)₄); ¹¹B{¹H} δ:33.4; ¹³C{¹H} δ:134.8, 128.9, 126.8, 125.2, 85.2, 24.2.

Example 3 Synthesis of (triphenylsilyl)pinacolborane

To a toluene solution of triphenylsilane and 5 mol % of catalyst, 3 equivalents of pinacolborane was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 24 hours, at which point the solvent was removed and spectroscopic NMR data was collected. Spectroscopic NMR data (C₆D₆): ¹¹B{¹H} δ:30.3.

Example 4 Synthesis of (triphenyltin)pinacolborane

To a toluene solution of triphenyltin hydride and 5 mol % of catalyst, 3 equivalents of pinacolborane was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 24 hours, at which point the solvent was removed and spectroscopic NMR data was collected. Spectroscopic NMR data (C₆D₆): ¹¹B{¹H} δ:30.5.

Example 5 Synthesis of (tributyltin)pinacolborane

To a toluene solution of tributyltin hydride and 5 mol % of catalyst, 1 equivalent of pinacolborane was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 24 hours, at which point the solvent was removed and spectroscopic NMR data was collected. Spectroscopic NMR data (C₆D₆): ¹¹B{¹H} δ:33.9.

Example 6 Synthesis of (triphenylgermanium)pinacolborane

To a toluene solution of triphenylgermanium hydride and 5 mol % of catalyst, 3 equivalents of pinacolborane was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 24 hours, at which point the solvent was removed and spectroscopic NMR data was collected. Spectroscopic NMR data (C₆D₆): ¹¹B{¹H} δ:30.3.

Example 7 Synthesis of (4-methylphenylthio)catecholborane

To a toluene solution of 4-methylbenzenethiol and 1 mol % of catalyst, 1 equivalent of catecholborane was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 24 hours, at which point the solvent was removed and spectroscopic NMR data was collected. Spectroscopic NMR data (C₆D₆): ¹H δ:7.39 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H, Ar), 6.91-6.86 (2^(nd) order m, 2H, Bcat), 6.82 (d, J=8 Hz, 2H, Ar), 6.73-6.68 (2^(nd) order m, 2H, Bcat), 1.94 (s, 3H, CH₃); ¹¹B{¹H} δ:34.3.

Example 8 Synthesis of (phenylselenyl)catecholborane

To a toluene solution of benzeneselenol and 1 mol % of catalyst, 1 equivalent of catecholborane was added. After 18 hours, the solvent was removed and spectroscopic NMR data was collected. Spectroscopic NMR data (C₆D₆): ¹¹B{¹H} δ:35.3.

Example 9 Synthesis of (triphenylsilyl)catecholborane

To a toluene solution of triphenylsilane and 1 mol % of catalyst, 1.5 equivalents of catecholborane was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 24 hours, at which point the solvent was removed and spectroscopic NMR data was collected. Spectroscopic NMR data (C₆D₆): ¹¹B{¹H} δ:31.7.

Example 10 Synthesis of (triphenyltin)catecholborane

To a toluene solution of triphenyltin hydride and 5 mol % of catalyst, 1.5 equivalents of catecholborane was added. After 18 hours, the solvent was removed and spectroscopic NMR data was collected. Spectroscopic NMR data (C₆D₆): ¹¹B{¹H} δ:31.2.

Example 11 Synthesis of (tributyltin)catecholborane

To a toluene solution of tributyltin hydride and 5 mol % of catalyst, 1.5 equivalents of catecholborane was added. After 18 hours, the solvent was removed and spectroscopic NMR data was collected. Spectroscopic NMR data (C₆D₆): ¹¹B{¹H} δ:34.3.

Example 12 Synthesis of (triphenylgermanium)catecholborane

To a toluene solution of triphenylgermanium hydride and 5 mol % of catalyst, 3 equivalents of catecholborane was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 24 hours, at which point the solvent was removed and spectroscopic NMR data was collected. Spectroscopic NMR data (C₆D₆): ¹H δ:8.10-8.05 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.20-7.12 (ov m, 3H, Ar), 7.08-7.03 (2^(nd) order m, 2H, Bcat), 6.82-7.76 (2^(nd) order m, 2H, Bcat); ¹¹B{¹H} δ:31.5.

Example 13 Conversion of 4-methylbenzenethiol to (4-methylphenylthio)pinacolborane and Conversion of 4-methylbenzenethiol to (4-methylphenylthio)catecholborane using various catalysts

A comparision of the yields obtained from the conversion of 4-methylbenzenethiol to (4-methylphenylthio)pinacolborane and the conversion of 4-methylbenzenethiol to (4-methylphenylthio)catecholborane using various catalysts is shown in Table 1.

While the present invention has been described with reference to what are presently considered to be the preferred examples, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed examples. To the contrary, the invention is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

All publications, patents and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety. Where a term in the present application is found to be defined differently in a document incorporated herein by reference, the definition provided herein is to serve as the definition for the term. TABLE 1 Conversion of 4-methylbenzenethiol to (4- methylphenylthio)pinacolborane and conversion of 4-methylbenzenethiol to (4-methylphenylthio)catecholborane using various catalysts

Yield^(c) (%) Yield^(c) (%) Catalyst pinacolborane Catecholborane RhCl(PPh₃)₃ 99^(a) 65^(a) RhH(PPh₃)₄ 99^(a) 50^(a) Rh(acac)(dppm) 99^(a) 50^(a) Rh(acac)(dppe) 99^(a) 65^(a) Rh(acac)(dppp) 99^(a) 50^(a) Rh(acac)(dppb) 99^(a) 50^(a) PdCl₂ 99^(b) 90^(b) Pdl₂ 99^(b) 95^(b) PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ 99^(b) 90^(b) Pd(PPh₃)₄ 99^(b) 90^(b) ^(a)1 mol% of catalyst, 1.1 equivalents of HBR₂, C₆D₆, RT, 24 hours. ^(b)1 mol% of catalyst, 3 equivalents of HBR₂, toluene, heat 24 hours. ^(c)Yield determined by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. 

1. A method of preparing main group boryl compounds of formula I comprising reacting a compound of formula II with compound of formula III in the presence of a transition metal catalyst:

wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₂₀alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and C₃₋₂₀cycloalkyl, all of which may be optionally substituted; E is a main group element selected from the group consisting of an element from Group 14, Group 15 and Group 16 of the periodic table; n is 1 when E is a main group element from Group 16 of the periodic table; n is 2 when E is a main group element from Group 15 of the periodic table; n is 3 when E is a main group element from Group 14 of the periodic table; R² and R^(2′) are each independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₂₀alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and C₃₋₂₀cycloalkyl, all of which may be optionally substituted, or R² and R^(2′) are linked to form an optionally substituted monocyclic or polycyclic ring system having 4 to 20 atoms, including the B, X and X′ atoms; X and X′ are each independently selected from the group consisting of O, S and NR³; and R³ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl and C₃₋₂₀cycloalkyl.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein E is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, Te, P, As, Sb, Si, Ge and Sn.
 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein E is selected from the group consisting of S, Se, Si, Ge and Sn.
 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein R¹ in the compounds of the formulae I and II is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₀alkyl or optionally substituted aryl.
 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein R¹ in the compounds of the formulae I and II is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl or optionally substituted phenyl.
 6. The method according to clam 5, wherein R¹ in the compounds of the formulae I and II is selected from the group consisting of n-butyl, phenyl and methylphenyl.
 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the optional substituents on R¹ in the compounds of the formulae I and II are independently selected from one to four of C₁₋₄alkyl, OC₁₋₄alkyl, CF₃, OCF₃, halo, SC₁₋₄alkyl, NHC₁₋₄alkyl and N(C₁₋₄alkyl)(C₁₋₄alkyl).
 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the optional substituents on R¹ are selected from one to four of CH₃, OCH₃, CF₃, OCF₃, Cl, F, Br,, SCH₃, NHCH₃ and N(CH₃)₂.
 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the optional substituents on R¹ are independently selected from one to four of CH₃ and F.
 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the optional substituents on R¹ are independently selected from one of CH₃ and F.
 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein R¹ is unsubstitued.
 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein R² and R^(2′) in the compounds of formulae I and III are each independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, all of which may be optionally substituted, or R² and R^(2′) are linked to form an optionally substituted monocyclic or polycyclic ring system having 4 to 9 atoms, including the B, X and X′ atoms to which R² and R^(2′) are bonded.
 13. The method according to claim 12, wherein R² and R^(2′) in the compounds of formulae I and III are each independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl, phenyl, and C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or R² and R^(2′) are linked to form an optionally substituted monocyclic or polycyclic ring system having 4 to 9 atoms, including the B, X and X′ atoms.
 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein R² and R^(2′) in the compounds of formulae I and III are linked to form an optionally substituted monocyclic or polycyclic ring system having 5 to 9 atoms, including the B, X and X′ atoms.
 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein R² and R^(2′) in the compounds of formulae I and III are linked to form an optionally substituted 5-membered monocylic ring or an optionally substituted 5-membered monocylic ring fused to a phenyl ring.
 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the optional substituents on R² and R^(2′) are 1, 2, 3 or 4 C₁₋₄alkyl groups.
 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the optional substituents on R² and R^(2,) are 1, 2, 3 or 4 methyl groups.
 18. The method according to claim 15, wherein R² and R^(2′) including the B, X and X′ atoms and optional substituents, combine to form a catecholboryl or pinacolboryl group.
 19. The method according to claim 18, wherein X and X′ in the compounds of the formulae I and III are each independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, NCH₃ and N—Ph.
 20. The method according to claim 19, wherein X and X′ in the compounds of the formulae I and III are each O.
 21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the transition metal catalyst is selected from the group consisting of PdCl₂, PdBr₂, Pdl₂, Na₂PdCl₄, PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂, Pd(PPh₄)₃, RhCl(PPh₃)₃, Rh(acac)(P2), and Rh (acac)(L2), wherein acac is acetylacetonato, P2 represents two monodentate phosphine ligands or one bidentate phosphine ligand and L represents bidentate or two monodentate Lewis basic ligands.
 22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the method is performed in an organic solvent.
 23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of toluene, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, benzene, methylene chloride.
 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the organic solvent is toluene.
 25. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound of formula II is selected from the group consisting of 4-methylbenzenethiol, benzeneselenol, triphenylsilane, triphenyltin hydride, tributyltin hydride, and triphenylgermanium hydride.
 26. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound of formula III is selected from the group consisting of pinacolborane and catecholborane. 